Nanotechnology Initiative expects new commercial applications in the pharmaceutical industry that may include advanced drug delivery systems, new therapies, and in vivo imaging.Nanomedicine research is receiving funding from the US National Institutes of Health Common Fund program, supporting four nanomedicine development centers.

For many years, nanomedicine is pushing the boundaries of drug delivery. When applying these novel therapeutics, safety consideraNanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology Nanomedicine seeks to deliver a valuable set of research tools and clinically useful devices in the near future.The National tions are not only a key concern when entering clinical trials but also an important decision point in product development. Standing at the crossroads, nanomedicine may be able to escape the niche markets and achieve wider acceptance by the pharmaceutical industry. While there is a new generation of drug delivery systems, the extracellular vesicles, standing on the starting line, unresolved issues and new challenges emerge from their translation from bench to bedside. Some key features of injectable nanomedicines contribute to the predictability of the pharmacological and toxicological effects. So far, only a few of the physicochemical attributes of nanomedicines can be justified by a direct mathematical relationship between the in vitro and the in vivo responses. To further develop extracellular vesicles as drug carriers, we have to learn from more than 40 years of clinical experience in liposomal delivery and pass on this knowledge to the next generation.

Great success in immunotherapy has revolutionized clinical cancer treatments. However, the response rate and overall survival rate remain unsatisfactory. As one of the immunological hallmarks of cancer, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) induce strong immunosuppression, which leads to great hindrance for immunotherapy of cancer. Thus, MDSCs have been explored as an important immunotherapeutic target to enhance anticancer responses. Nanomedicines have been developed to target MDSCs to improve the immunotherapeutic efficacy owing to their ability of reversing immunosuppressive tumors into immunoresponsive ones. In this review, we describe the function of MDSCs in the tumor microenvironment and the immunosuppressive pathways that inhibit T cell functions.

Heart failure (HF) has continued to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Nanomedicine, which can deliver therapeutic drugs/biomolecules specifically to damaged myocardium and overcome the limitations of conventional therapies, shows great potential in the treatment of HF. Although a number of preclinical studies of cardiac nanoformulations have been published, targeted nanomedicine for HF is yet to be applied in clinical practice. Therefore, it is meaningful to sum up past experiences and deepen the understanding of nanomedicine and HF. In this review, we first emphasized the key biological barriers to cardiac nanomedicine that hinder its targeting effect. Since the rational design of nanoparticles should take into account the specific characteristics of HF, we then summarized the key pathophysiological changes of HF to provide a clear understanding on HF, as well as the latest examples of nanotechnology-based delivery strategies for different pathophysiological characteristics.

Infinite coordination polymer (ICP) is an amorphous compound formed by the coordination between ligands and metal ions. Among them, the therapeutic agent as the ligand of ICP is called ICP nanomedicines. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the bright prospect of ICP nanomedicines in tumor therapy, due to its advantages of high therapeutic agent loading content, flexible adjustment, perfect therapeutic effect, minimal side effects, easy synergy and functional expansion.

Nanomedicine is not limited to colloidal materials and technologies to evaluate them for in vivo applications. Nanomedicine developments go beyond the “magic particulate bullet” .Nanomedicine could involve the design of new scaffolds and surfaces for engineering sensors or implantable systems and electronics to aid in the regeneration of tissues (i.e., regenerative medicine). Many of these concepts are still at the early stages of development, but some have already reached clinical practice.

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